// Program Title: Rust Math Functions Demonstration
use std::f64::consts::*; // import math constants like PI, E
fn main() {
// ============================
// Constants
// ============================
let pi_value = PI; // π constant
let e_value = E; // Euler's number
println!("Constants:");
println!(" pi = {}", pi_value);
println!(" e = {}", e_value);
println!();
// ============================
// Core Functions
// ============================
let num_x = 2.5_f64; // sample value
println!("Core Functions:");
println!(" sqrt(2.5) = {}", num_x.sqrt()); // square root
println!(" exp(2.5) = {}", num_x.exp()); // e^x
println!(" ln(2.5) = {}", num_x.ln()); // natural log
println!(" log10(2.5)= {}", num_x.log10()); // base-10 log
println!(" powf(2.5,3)= {}", num_x.powf(3.0)); // x^3
println!();
// ============================
// Trigonometric Functions
// ============================
let angle = PI / 4.0; // 45 degrees in radians
println!("Trigonometric Functions:");
println!(" sin(pi/4) = {}", angle.sin()); // sine
println!(" cos(pi/4) = {}", angle.cos()); // cosine
println!(" tan(pi/4) = {}", angle.tan()); // tangent
println!(" asin(0.5) = {}", 0.5_f64.asin()); // arcsine
println!(" acos(0.5) = {}", 0.5_f64.acos()); // arccosine
println!(" atan(1.0) = {}", 1.0_f64.atan()); // arctangent
println!();
// ============================
// Hyperbolic Functions
// ============================
println!("Hyperbolic Functions:");
println!(" sinh(1) = {}", 1.0_f64.sinh()); // hyperbolic sine
println!(" cosh(1) = {}", 1.0_f64.cosh()); // hyperbolic cosine
println!(" tanh(1) = {}", 1.0_f64.tanh()); // hyperbolic tangent
println!();
// ============================
// Rounding Functions
// ============================
let num_y = -2.7_f64; // negative number for rounding tests
println!("Rounding Functions:");
println!(" floor(-2.7) = {}", num_y.floor()); // round down
println!(" ceil(-2.7) = {}", num_y.ceil()); // round up
println!(" round(-2.7) = {}", num_y.round()); // nearest integer
println!(" trunc(-2.7) = {}", num_y.trunc()); // remove decimals
println!();
// ============================
// Min / Max / Clamp
// ============================
let num_a: f64 = 10.0; // explicitly f64
let num_b: f64 = 20.0; // explicitly f64
let value_to_clamp: f64 = 15.0; // explicitly f64
println!("Min/Max/Clamp:");
println!(" min(10,20) = {}", f64::min(num_a, num_b)); // smaller of two
println!(" max(10,20) = {}", f64::max(num_a, num_b)); // larger of two
let clamped = value_to_clamp.clamp(0.0_f64, 10.0_f64); // clamp 15 to range 0–10
println!(" clamp(15,0,10) = {}", clamped);
// clamp manually
let clamped = value_to_clamp.clamp(0.0, 10.0); // clamp 15 to range 0–10
println!(" clamp(15,0,10) = {}", clamped);
println!();
// ============================
// Bitwise Math (Integers)
// ============================
let byte_x: u8 = 0xAA; // 10101010 in hex
let byte_y: u8 = 0xCC; // 11001100 in hex
println!("Bitwise Math:");
println!(" X & Y = {:X}", byte_x & byte_y); // AND
println!(" X | Y = {:X}", byte_x | byte_y); // OR
println!(" X ^ Y = {:X}", byte_x ^ byte_y); // XOR
println!(" ~X = {:X}", !byte_x); // NOT
println!(" X << 2 = {:X}", byte_x << 2); // left shift
println!(" Y >> 3 = {:X}", byte_y >> 3); // right shift
println!();
// ============================
// Additional Useful Math
// ============================
println!("Additional Math:");
println!(" abs(-3.14) = {}", (-3.14_f64).abs()); // absolute value
println!(" fmod(10,3) = {}", 10.0_f64 % 3.0_f64); // remainder
println!(" hypot(3,4) = {}", 3.0_f64.hypot(4.0)); // sqrt(x²+y²)
println!(" deg2rad(180) = {}", 180.0_f64.to_radians()); // degrees → radians
println!(" rad2deg(pi) = {}", PI.to_degrees()); // radians → degrees
}
/*
run:
Constants:
pi = 3.141592653589793
e = 2.718281828459045
Core Functions:
sqrt(2.5) = 1.5811388300841898
exp(2.5) = 12.182493960703473
ln(2.5) = 0.9162907318741551
log10(2.5)= 0.3979400086720376
powf(2.5,3)= 15.625
Trigonometric Functions:
sin(pi/4) = 0.7071067811865475
cos(pi/4) = 0.7071067811865476
tan(pi/4) = 0.9999999999999999
asin(0.5) = 0.5235987755982989
acos(0.5) = 1.0471975511965979
atan(1.0) = 0.7853981633974483
Hyperbolic Functions:
sinh(1) = 1.1752011936438014
cosh(1) = 1.5430806348152437
tanh(1) = 0.7615941559557649
Rounding Functions:
floor(-2.7) = -3
ceil(-2.7) = -2
round(-2.7) = -3
trunc(-2.7) = -2
Min/Max/Clamp:
min(10,20) = 10
max(10,20) = 20
clamp(15,0,10) = 10
clamp(15,0,10) = 10
Bitwise Math:
X & Y = 88
X | Y = EE
X ^ Y = 66
~X = 55
X << 2 = A8
Y >> 3 = 19
Additional Math:
abs(-3.14) = 3.14
fmod(10,3) = 1
hypot(3,4) = 5
deg2rad(180) = 3.141592653589793
rad2deg(pi) = 180
*/
