// Program Title: Kotlin Math Functions Demonstration
import kotlin.math.*
fun main() {
// ============================
// Constants
// ============================
val piValue = PI // π constant
val eValue = E // Euler's number
println("Constants:")
println(" pi = $piValue")
println(" e = $eValue")
println()
// ============================
// Core Functions
// ============================
val numX = 2.5 // sample value
println("Core Functions:")
println(" sqrt(2.5) = ${sqrt(numX)}") // square root
println(" exp(2.5) = ${exp(numX)}") // e^x
println(" ln(2.5) = ${ln(numX)}") // natural log
println(" log10(2.5)= ${log10(numX)}") // base‑10 log
println(" pow(2.5,3)= ${numX.pow(3)}") // x^3
println()
// ============================
// Trigonometric Functions
// ============================
val angle = PI / 4 // 45 degrees in radians
println("Trigonometric Functions:")
println(" sin(pi/4) = ${sin(angle)}") // sine
println(" cos(pi/4) = ${cos(angle)}") // cosine
println(" tan(pi/4) = ${tan(angle)}") // tangent
println(" asin(0.5) = ${asin(0.5)}") // arcsine
println(" acos(0.5) = ${acos(0.5)}") // arccosine
println(" atan(1.0) = ${atan(1.0)}") // arctangent
println()
// ============================
// Hyperbolic Functions
// ============================
println("Hyperbolic Functions:")
println(" sinh(1) = ${sinh(1.0)}") // hyperbolic sine
println(" cosh(1) = ${cosh(1.0)}") // hyperbolic cosine
println(" tanh(1) = ${tanh(1.0)}") // hyperbolic tangent
println()
// ============================
// Rounding Functions
// ============================
val numY = -2.7 // negative number for rounding tests
println("Rounding Functions:")
println(" floor(-2.7) = ${floor(numY)}") // round down
println(" ceil(-2.7) = ${ceil(numY)}") // round up
println(" round(-2.7) = ${numY.roundToInt()}") // nearest integer
println(" trunc(-2.7) = ${numY.toInt()}") // remove decimals
println()
// ============================
// Min / Max / Clamp
// ============================
val numA = 10
val numB = 20
val valueToClamp = 15
println("Min/Max/Clamp:")
println(" min(10,20) = ${min(numA, numB)}") // smaller of two
println(" max(10,20) = ${max(numA, numB)}") // larger of two
val clamped = valueToClamp.coerceIn(0, 10) // clamp 15 to range 0–10
println(" clamp(15,0,10) = $clamped")
println()
// ============================
// Bitwise Math (Integers)
// ============================
val byteX = 0xAA // 10101010 in hex
val byteY = 0xCC // 11001100 in hex
println("Bitwise Math:")
println(" X & Y = ${(byteX and byteY).toString(16)}") // AND
println(" X | Y = ${(byteX or byteY).toString(16)}") // OR
println(" X ^ Y = ${(byteX xor byteY).toString(16)}") // XOR
println(" ~X = ${(byteX.inv() and 0xFF).toString(16)}") // NOT (mask to 8 bits)
println(" X << 2 = ${((byteX shl 2) and 0xFF).toString(16)}") // left shift
println(" Y >> 3 = ${(byteY shr 3).toString(16)}") // right shift
println()
// ============================
// Additional Useful Math
// ============================
println("Additional Math:")
println(" abs(-3.14) = ${abs(-3.14)}") // absolute value
println(" fmod(10,3) = ${10 % 3}") // remainder
println(" hypot(3,4) = ${hypot(3.0, 4.0)}") // sqrt(x²+y²)
println(" deg2rad(180) = ${Math.toRadians(180.0)}") // degrees -> radians
println(" rad2deg(pi) = ${Math.toDegrees(PI)}") // radians -> degrees
}
/*
run:
Constants:
pi = 3.141592653589793
e = 2.718281828459045
Core Functions:
sqrt(2.5) = 1.5811388300841898
exp(2.5) = 12.182493960703473
ln(2.5) = 0.9162907318741551
log10(2.5)= 0.3979400086720376
pow(2.5,3)= 15.625
Trigonometric Functions:
sin(pi/4) = 0.7071067811865475
cos(pi/4) = 0.7071067811865476
tan(pi/4) = 0.9999999999999999
asin(0.5) = 0.5235987755982989
acos(0.5) = 1.0471975511965979
atan(1.0) = 0.7853981633974483
Hyperbolic Functions:
sinh(1) = 1.1752011936438014
cosh(1) = 1.543080634815244
tanh(1) = 0.7615941559557649
Rounding Functions:
floor(-2.7) = -3.0
ceil(-2.7) = -2.0
round(-2.7) = -3
trunc(-2.7) = -2
Min/Max/Clamp:
min(10,20) = 10
max(10,20) = 20
clamp(15,0,10) = 10
Bitwise Math:
X & Y = 88
X | Y = ee
X ^ Y = 66
~X = 55
X << 2 = a8
Y >> 3 = 19
Additional Math:
abs(-3.14) = 3.14
fmod(10,3) = 1
hypot(3,4) = 5.0
deg2rad(180) = 3.141592653589793
rad2deg(pi) = 180.0
*/
