/* Program Title: PHP Math Functions Demonstration */
/* ============================
Constants
============================ */
$piValue = M_PI; // π constant
$eValue = M_E; // Euler's number
echo "Constants:\n";
echo " pi = $piValue\n";
echo " e = $eValue\n\n";
/* ============================
Core Functions
============================ */
$numX = 2.5; // sample value
echo "Core Functions:\n";
echo " sqrt(2.5) = " . sqrt($numX) . "\n"; // square root
echo " exp(2.5) = " . exp($numX) . "\n"; // e^x
echo " log(2.5) = " . log($numX) . "\n"; // natural log
echo " log10(2.5)= " . log10($numX) . "\n"; // base-10 log
echo " pow(2.5,3)= " . pow($numX, 3) . "\n\n"; // x^3
/* ============================
Trigonometric Functions
============================ */
$angle = M_PI / 4; // 45 degrees in radians
echo "Trigonometric Functions:\n";
echo " sin(pi/4) = " . sin($angle) . "\n"; // sine
echo " cos(pi/4) = " . cos($angle) . "\n"; // cosine
echo " tan(pi/4) = " . tan($angle) . "\n"; // tangent
echo " asin(0.5) = " . asin(0.5) . "\n"; // arcsine
echo " acos(0.5) = " . acos(0.5) . "\n"; // arccosine
echo " atan(1.0) = " . atan(1.0) . "\n\n"; // arctangent
/* ============================
Hyperbolic Functions
============================ */
echo "Hyperbolic Functions:\n";
echo " sinh(1) = " . sinh(1) . "\n"; // hyperbolic sine
echo " cosh(1) = " . cosh(1) . "\n"; // hyperbolic cosine
echo " tanh(1) = " . tanh(1) . "\n\n"; // hyperbolic tangent
/* ============================
Rounding Functions
============================ */
$numY = -2.7; // negative number for rounding tests
echo "Rounding Functions:\n";
echo " floor(-2.7) = " . floor($numY) . "\n"; // round down
echo " ceil(-2.7) = " . ceil($numY) . "\n"; // round up
echo " round(-2.7) = " . round($numY) . "\n"; // nearest integer
echo " intval(-2.7)= " . intval($numY) . "\n\n"; // truncate decimals
/* ============================
Min / Max / Clamp
============================ */
$numA = 10;
$numB = 20;
$valToClamp = 15;
echo "Min/Max/Clamp:\n";
echo " min(10,20) = " . min($numA, $numB) . "\n"; // smaller of two
echo " max(10,20) = " . max($numA, $numB) . "\n"; // larger of two
// clamp manually
$clamped = max(0, min(10, $valToClamp)); // clamp 15 to range 0–10
echo " clamp(15,0,10) = $clamped\n\n";
/* ============================
Bitwise Math (Integers)
============================ */
$byteA = 0xAA; // 10101010 in hex
$byteB = 0xCC; // 11001100 in hex
echo "Bitwise Math:\n";
echo " A & B = " . dechex($byteA & $byteB) . "\n"; // AND
echo " A | B = " . dechex($byteA | $byteB) . "\n"; // OR
echo " A ^ B = " . dechex($byteA ^ $byteB) . "\n"; // XOR
echo " ~A = " . dechex(~$byteA & 0xFF) . "\n"; // NOT (mask to 8 bits)
echo " A << 2 = " . dechex(($byteA << 2) & 0xFF) . "\n"; // left shift
echo " B >> 3 = " . dechex($byteB >> 3) . "\n\n"; // right shift
/* ============================
Additional Useful Math
============================ */
echo "Additional Math:\n";
echo " abs(-3.14) = " . abs(-3.14) . "\n"; // absolute value
echo " fmod(10,3) = " . fmod(10, 3) . "\n"; // remainder
echo " hypot(3,4) = " . hypot(3, 4) . "\n"; // sqrt(x²+y²)
echo " deg2rad(180) = " . deg2rad(180) . "\n"; // degrees → radians
echo " rad2deg(pi) = " . rad2deg(M_PI) . "\n"; // radians → degrees
/*
run:
Constants:
pi = 3.1415926535898
e = 2.718281828459
Core Functions:
sqrt(2.5) = 1.5811388300842
exp(2.5) = 12.182493960703
log(2.5) = 0.91629073187416
log10(2.5)= 0.39794000867204
pow(2.5,3)= 15.625
Trigonometric Functions:
sin(pi/4) = 0.70710678118655
cos(pi/4) = 0.70710678118655
tan(pi/4) = 1
asin(0.5) = 0.5235987755983
acos(0.5) = 1.0471975511966
atan(1.0) = 0.78539816339745
Hyperbolic Functions:
sinh(1) = 1.1752011936438
cosh(1) = 1.5430806348152
tanh(1) = 0.76159415595576
Rounding Functions:
floor(-2.7) = -3
ceil(-2.7) = -2
round(-2.7) = -3
intval(-2.7)= -2
Min/Max/Clamp:
min(10,20) = 10
max(10,20) = 20
clamp(15,0,10) = 10
Bitwise Math:
A & B = 88
A | B = ee
A ^ B = 66
~A = 55
A << 2 = a8
B >> 3 = 19
Additional Math:
abs(-3.14) = 3.14
fmod(10,3) = 1
hypot(3,4) = 5
deg2rad(180) = 3.1415926535898
rad2deg(pi) = 180
*/
